A growth forecast estimates the expected rate of economic expansion over a future period.

An economic outlook provides projections and assessments of future economic conditions.

A central bank statement is an official written communication outlining monetary policy decisions and economic assessments.

A policy announcement is an official communication by a central bank regarding monetary policy decisions.

Mortgage rates are the interest rates charged on loans used to purchase residential property.

A bond yield spread is the difference in yield between two debt securities of similar maturity.

A Financial Conditions Index (FCI) measures the overall tightness or looseness of financial markets.

The Bank Lending Survey provides insights into banks’ lending standards, credit demand, and financing conditions.

A Credit Conditions Survey assesses lending standards and credit demand across the financial system.

A Business Cycle Indicator tracks economic fluctuations to signal expansion, slowdown, or recession phases.

The Leading Economic Index (LEI) is a composite indicator designed to predict future economic activity.

Market expectations represent the collective outlook of investors regarding future economic and financial conditions.

Interest rate expectations reflect market predictions about future central bank policy rates.

An inflation forecast projects the expected rate of price increases over a future period.

An economic forecast is a projection of future economic conditions based on data, models, and assumptions.

Producer confidence measures the level of optimism that businesses have about current and future economic conditions.

Capacity utilization measures the percentage of total production capacity that is currently being used in an economy.

A trade deficit occurs when a country’s imports exceed its exports during a specific period.

A trade surplus occurs when a country’s exports exceed its imports over a given period.

The current account balance measures a country’s net trade in goods and services plus net income and transfers from abroad.

Tax revenue represents income collected by the government through taxes on individuals and businesses.

Public expenditure represents government spending on goods, services, and social programs.

Budget balance refers to the difference between a government's total revenues and total expenditures within a fiscal year.

Fiscal balance represents the difference between government revenues and expenditures over a specific period.

Money supply growth measures the rate at which the total amount of money in an economy increases over a given period.

The credit growth rate measures the rate at which total lending in an economy expands over a specific period.

The savings rate measures the percentage of disposable income that households save rather than spend.

Consumer spending measures total household expenditure on goods and services within an economy.

The GDP deflator measures the change in prices of all domestically produced goods and services within an economy.

Core CPI measures consumer price inflation excluding volatile components such as food and energy.

The inflation rate measures the percentage increase in the general price level of goods and services over a specific period.

Import growth measures the rate at which a country’s imports increase over a given period.

Export growth measures the rate at which a country’s exports increase over a specified period.

Trade data measures a country’s exports and imports of goods and services over a specific period.

Business investment measures spending by companies on capital goods such as equipment, infrastructure, and technology.

Building permits measure the number of new construction approvals issued by local authorities.

Housing starts measure the number of new residential construction projects that have begun during a specific period.

Industrial production measures the output of manufacturing, mining, and utility sectors within an economy.

Retail sales measure the total value of goods sold by retailers over a specific period.

Wage growth measures the rate at which average employee earnings increase over time.

The employment rate measures the percentage of the working-age population that is currently employed.

The unemployment rate measures the percentage of the labor force that is actively seeking work but unable to find employment.

The Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) is a survey-based indicator that measures business activity in the manufacturing and services sectors.

The Producer Price Index (PPI) measures the average change over time in selling prices received by domestic producers for their output.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for a basket of goods and services.

Risk assessment is the process of evaluating potential financial losses arising from specific risk factors.

A systemic banking crisis occurs when a large portion of the banking system becomes insolvent or illiquid.

Sovereign risk is the risk that a government will default on its debt obligations.

A financial crisis is a period of severe disruption in financial markets characterized by asset price collapses and institutional instability.

A recovery plan outlines measures a financial institution would take to restore viability under severe stress.

Resolution planning is the process of preparing strategies to manage the orderly failure of a financial institution.

Know Your Customer refers to procedures used by financial institutions to verify client identity and assess risk.

Anti-Money Laundering refers to regulations and procedures designed to prevent the concealment of illicit funds.

A compliance framework is a structured system of policies and controls ensuring adherence to laws and regulations.

Financial sanctions are restrictive measures imposed to limit access to financial systems, assets, or transactions.

Capital controls are government-imposed restrictions on cross-border capital flows to stabilize the financial system or currency.

Regulatory arbitrage occurs when institutions exploit differences in regulations to reduce compliance costs or capital requirements.

The Bank for International Settlements is an international financial institution that serves as a bank for central banks and supports monetary and financial stability.

The Financial Stability Board is an international body that coordinates global financial regulation and monitors systemic risks.

Capital requirements are regulatory standards that determine the minimum amount of capital financial institutions must hold.

Risk exposure represents the total amount a financial institution stands to lose from specific risk factors.

The leverage ratio measures a bank’s capital relative to its total exposure without risk weighting.

The capital conservation buffer is an additional layer of capital banks must hold above minimum requirements to absorb losses during stress.

An Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment is a bank’s internal process for evaluating whether its capital is sufficient to cover its risks.

Risk management is the structured process of identifying, measuring, monitoring, and mitigating financial and operational risks.

Prudential standards are regulatory requirements that ensure financial institutions maintain adequate capital, liquidity, and risk controls.

A deposit guarantee scheme is a system that protects depositors by insuring their deposits up to a specified limit.

A banking supervision mechanism is an institutional framework through which regulatory authorities oversee and monitor banks.

A resolution authority is a public body responsible for managing the orderly resolution of failing financial institutions.

Supervisory review is the regulatory process through which authorities evaluate a financial institution’s risk profile, governance, and capital adequacy.

A stress scenario is a hypothetical adverse economic or financial situation used to assess the resilience of financial institutions.

Liquidity stress refers to a situation where a financial institution faces difficulty meeting short-term funding obligations.

Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, systems, human errors, or external events.

Market risk is the risk of losses resulting from adverse movements in market prices such as interest rates, exchange rates, or equity prices.

Conduct risk refers to the risk of losses arising from inappropriate, unethical, or unlawful behavior by a financial institution or its employees.

Compliance risk is the risk of legal or regulatory sanctions, financial loss, or reputational damage arising from failure to comply with laws and regulations.

A regulatory framework is the structured set of laws, rules, and supervisory practices governing financial institutions.

Financial oversight refers to the supervision and monitoring of financial institutions and markets by regulatory authorities.

Too big to fail describes institutions considered so large and interconnected that authorities are unlikely to allow them to collapse.

A systemically important bank is a financial institution whose failure could threaten the stability of the broader financial system.

The countercyclical capital buffer is a macroprudential tool requiring banks to build extra capital during periods of excessive credit growth.

A capital buffer is an additional layer of capital that banks must hold above minimum regulatory requirements.

Microprudential regulation focuses on the safety and soundness of individual financial institutions.

Macroprudential regulation refers to policies aimed at safeguarding the stability of the financial system as a whole.

Financial regulation refers to the legal and supervisory framework that governs financial institutions to ensure stability, transparency, and consumer protection.

Credit growth refers to the rate at which banks expand the volume of loans extended to households and businesses.

Funding costs represent the expenses a bank incurs to obtain capital and liquidity from deposits, wholesale markets, or other sources.

Covered bonds are debt securities issued by banks and backed by a dedicated pool of high-quality assets that remain on the issuer’s balance sheet.

Securitization is the process of pooling financial assets and transforming them into tradable securities.

Corporate lending refers to the provision of loans and credit facilities by banks to businesses and corporations.

Consumer lending refers to loans provided to individuals for personal, non-business purposes.

Mortgage lending refers to the provision of loans secured by residential or commercial property.

A loan portfolio is the total collection of loans held by a bank as assets on its balance sheet.

Financial stability refers to a condition in which the financial system operates smoothly and can withstand economic shocks.

Prudential regulation consists of rules designed to ensure the safety and soundness of financial institutions.

Bank supervision refers to the regulatory oversight of banks to ensure financial stability and compliance with laws.

A credit rating is an assessment of a borrower’s creditworthiness and ability to meet financial obligations.

Regulatory capital is the minimum amount of capital a bank must hold as required by financial supervisors.

Bank capital represents the financial resources a bank holds to absorb losses and protect depositors and creditors.

Credit creation is the process by which banks generate new loans, thereby expanding the money supply within the economy.